Ngokwendlela yokulungiselela iimodeli zesixhobo somatshini, izixhobo zoomatshini zahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezili-11: iileyile, oomatshini bokwemba, oomatshini abadikayo, oomatshini bokugaya, oomatshini bokucoca, oomatshini bokuthunga, oomatshini bokungqusha, oomatshini bokutshiza, oomatshini bokubhula, oomatshini bokusarha kunye nabanye. izixhobo zoomatshini.Kuhlobo ngalunye lwesixhobo somatshini, lwahlulwe ngamaqela amaninzi ngokwenkqubo yoluhlu, uhlobo lwesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kolwakhiwo, kwaye iqela ngalinye lihlulwe kwiichungechunge ezininzi.Namhlanje, umhleli uza kuthetha nawe ngamabali embali yeelatha, oomatshini abakruqulayo kunye noomatshini bokungqusha.
1. Ilathi
I-lathe sisixhobo somatshini esisebenzisa kakhulu isixhobo sokuguqula ukuguqula umsebenzi ojikelezayo.Kwi-lathe, izixhobo zokuqhuba, ii-reamers, iitephu, izixhobo zokufa kunye ne-knurling nazo zingasetyenziselwa ukusetyenzwa okuhambelanayo.Iileyile zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukwenza iishafti zomatshini, iidiski, imikhono kunye nezinye izinto zokusebenza ezinendawo ejikelezayo, kwaye lolona hlobo lusetyenziswa kakhulu lwezixhobo zoomatshini kumatshini wokwenza kunye neevenkile zokulungisa.
1. “I-bow lathe” yeepuli zamandulo kunye neentonga zezaphetha.Ukusukela phaya kwi-Egypt yamandulo, abantu baye baqulunqa itekhnoloji yokujika iinkuni ngesixhobo ngelixa beyijikeleza kwi-axis ephakathi.Ekuqaleni, abantu babesebenzisa izigodo ezibini ezimileyo njengezixhaso zokumisa iinkuni ukuze zijikwe, basebenzise amandla alastiki amasebe ukuqengqeleka intambo emthini, batsale intambo ngesandla okanye ngonyawo ukuze bajike iinkuni, babambe imela ukuze bagwebe. ukusika.
Le ndlela yakudala iye yavela ngokuthe ngcembe yaza yaphuhla yaba ziziguquko ezibini okanye ezithathu zentambo kwipuli, intambo ixhaswe kwintonga elastiki egotywe yafana nesaphetha, kwaye isaphetha siyatyhalwa sitsalwe emva naphambili ukuze sijikelezise into elungisiweyo. ukujika, nto leyo "i-bow lathe".
2. I-crankshaft ephakathi kunye ne-flywheel drive "pedal lathe".KumaXesha Aphakathi, kukho umntu owayila “i-pedal lathe” eyayisebenzisa i-pedal ukujikelezisa i-crankshaft nokuqhuba i-flywheel, aze ayiqhubele kwishafti enkulu ukuze ayijikelezise.Embindini wenkulungwane ye-16, umyili ongumFrentshi ogama linguBesson wayila ilayithe yokujika ngezikrufu ngesikrufu intonga yokwenza isixhobo sityibilike.Ngelishwa, le lathe ayizange idume.
3. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, iibhokisi zebhedi kunye neechucks zazalwa.Ngenkulungwane ye-18, omnye umntu wayila ilele esebenzisa inyawo enyovwayo kunye nentonga yokudibanisa ukujikelezisa crankshaft, enokugcina amandla ajikelezayo ekinetic kwi-flywheel, kwaye iphuhliswe ukusuka ekujikelezeni ngokuthe ngqo isixhobo sokusebenza ukuya kwintloko ejikelezayo. I-chuck yokubamba i-workpiece.
4. Ngo-1797, iNgesi uMaudsley wenza i-epoch-making tool post lathe, ene-screw lead echanekileyo kunye nezixhobo ezinokutshintshana.
UMaudsley wazalwa ngo-1771, yaye eneminyaka eyi-18, wayeyindoda esekunene yomqambi uBrammer.Kuthiwa uBrammer wayehlala engumlimi, kwaye xa wayeneminyaka eyi-16 ubudala, ingozi yabangela ukukhubazeka kwiqakala lakhe lasekunene, ngoko ke kwafuneka atshintshele kwi-woodworking, eyayingahambi kakhulu.Ukuqala kwakhe ukuyila yayiyindlu yangasese egungxulwayo ngo-1778. UMaudsley waqala ukunceda uBrahmer ukuyila oomatshini bokushicilela behydraulic kunye nabanye oomatshini de wayishiya iBrahmer eneminyaka engama-26, kuba uBrahmer wasikhaba ngoburhalarhume isindululo sikaMoritz sokucela ukunyuselwa umvuzo ngaphezulu kwe-30 yesheleni ngeveki.
Kwangalo nyaka awathi uMaudsley wemka ngawo eBrammer, wakha intambo yakhe yokuqala, intsimbi yentsimbi enesibambi kunye nesikali esikwaziyo ukuhamba ngoololiwe ababini abanxuseneyo.Umphezulu wesikhokelo somzila wesikhokelo unonxantathu, kwaye xa i-spindle ijikeleza, i-screw ye-lead iqhutyelwa ukuhambisa umnini wesixhobo ecaleni.Le yeyona ndlela iphambili yeeleyile zanamhlanje, apho izikrufu zetsimbi ezichanekileyo zayo nayiphi na i-pitch zinokujikwa.
Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, uMaudsley wakha i-lathe epheleleyo kwindawo yakhe yokusebenzela, enezixhobo ezitshintshayo ezitshintshe ireyithi yesondlo kunye nokuphakama kwemisonto eyenziwa ngoomatshini.Ngomnyaka we-1817, elinye iNgesi, uRoberts, wasebenzisa i-pulley enezigaba ezine kunye ne-back wheel mechanism ukuze itshintshe isantya sokujikeleza.Kungekudala, kwaveliswa iileyile ezinkulu, nto leyo eyafak’ isandla ekuvelisweni kwe-injini yomphunga nabanye oomatshini.
5. Ukuzalwa kweeleyile ezahlukeneyo ezikhethekileyo Ukuze kuphuculwe iqondo lomatshini kunye ne-automation, iFitch yaseUnited States yavelisa i-turret lathe ngo-1845;ngowe-1848, kwavela intambo yevili eUnited States;ngo 1873, Spencer eUnited States wenza ishaft enye Automatic lathes, yaye kungekudala wenza iileyile ezizenzekelayo ezintathu-axis;ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwavela iileyile ezinokuhanjiswa kwegiya eziqhutywa ziinjini ezahlukeneyo.Ngenxa yokuveliswa kwesixhobo esinesantya esiphezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenjini zombane, iileyile ziye zaphuculwa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye ekugqibeleni zafikelela kwinqanaba lanamhlanje lesantya esiphezulu kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu.
Emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, ngenxa yeemfuno zezixhobo, iimoto kunye namanye amashishini oomatshini, iileyile ezahlukeneyo ezizenzekelayo ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye neeleyile ezikhethekileyo zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza.Ukuze kuphuculwe imveliso yeebhetshi ezincinci zee-workpieces, ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1940, iileyile ezinezixhobo zeprofayili ye-hydraulic zakhuthazwa, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, iileyile zezixhobo ezininzi zaphuhliswa.Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1950, iileyile ezilawulwa yinkqubo kunye namakhadi e-punch, iipleyiti ze-latch kunye ne-dials zaphuhliswa.Itekhnoloji yeCNC yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwiileyile kwiminyaka yoo-1960 kwaye yaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza emva kweminyaka yoo-1970.
6. Iileyile zahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezahlukeneyo ngokosetyenziso kunye nemisebenzi yazo.
I-lathe eqhelekileyo inoluhlu olubanzi lwezinto zokucubungula, kwaye uluhlu lohlengahlengiso lwesantya sokujikeleza kunye nokutya lukhulu, kwaye luyakwazi ukucubungula indawo yangaphakathi nangaphandle, ubuso bokuphela kunye nemicu yangaphakathi nangaphandle ye-workpiece.Olu hlobo lwe-lathe lusetyenziswa kakhulu ngesandla ngabasebenzi, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, kwaye ifanelekile kwi-single-piece, imveliso encinci kunye neeworkshops zokulungisa.
I-Turret lathes kunye ne-rotary lathes zinezixhobo zokuphumla ze-turret okanye izixhobo ezijikelezayo ezinokubamba izixhobo ezininzi, kwaye abasebenzi banokusebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukugqiba iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwi-clamping enye ye-workpiece, efanelekileyo kwimveliso yobuninzi.
I-lathe ezenzekelayo inokugqibezela ngokuzenzekelayo ukusetyenzwa kweenkqubo ezininzi zezinto zokusebenza ezincinci kunye neziphakathi ngokwenkqubo ethile, inokulayisha ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye ikhuphe izinto eziphathekayo, kwaye iqhube ibhetshi yee-workpieces ezifanayo ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ezifanelekileyo kwimveliso yobuninzi.
Izixhobo ezininzi ze-semi-automatic lathes zahlulwe zibe yi-single-axis, i-multi-axis, i-horizontal kunye nethe nkqo.Ubume bohlobo olulodwa lwe-axis oluthe tye lufana nolo lwelathe eqhelekileyo, kodwa iiseti ezimbini zezixhobo zokuphumla zifakwe ngaphambili nangasemva okanye phezulu naphantsi kweshaft engundoqo, ngokulandelelanayo, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukusetyenzwa kweediski. amakhonkco kunye ne-shaft workpieces, kunye nemveliso yabo i-3 ukuya ku-5 amaxesha aphezulu ngaphezu kweelayile eziqhelekileyo.
I-lathe yeprofayili inokugqiba ngokuzenzekelayo umjikelo we-machining we-workpiece ngokuxelisa imilo kunye nobukhulu be template okanye isampuli.Ifanelekile kwi-batch encinci kunye ne-batch yemveliso yee-workpieces ezinemilo enzima, kwaye imveliso i-10 ukuya kwi-15 ngamaxesha aphezulu kunee-lathes eziqhelekileyo.Kukho isibambi sezixhobo ezininzi, i-multi-axis, uhlobo lwe-chuck, uhlobo oluthe nkqo kunye nezinye iintlobo.
I-spindle ye-lathe ethe nkqo i-perpendicular kwi-plane ethe tye, i-workpiece igxininiswe kwitafile ejikelezayo ethe tye, kwaye ikhefu lesixhobo lihamba kwi-beam okanye ikholamu.Ilungele ukusetyenzwa kwezixhobo zokusebenza ezinkulu, ezinzima ekunzima ukuzifaka kwiileyile eziqhelekileyo.Ngokubanzi, zahlulahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini: ikholamu enye kunye nekholamu kabini.
Ngelixa i-lathe yezinyo lomhlakulo lijika, umnini wesixhobo uphinda abuyele kwicala le-radial, elisetyenziselwa ukwenza iindawo zamazinyo ze-forklift milling cutters, i-hob cutters, njl. injini yombane ikhulula umphezulu wezinyo.
Iileyile ezikhethekileyo ziileyile ezisetyenziselwa umatshini umphezulu othile weentlobo ezithile zezixhobo zokusebenza, ezinje ngeeleyile zecrankshaft, iileyile zecamshaft, iileyile zamavili, iileyile zeasi, iileyile zokuqengqeleka, kunye neeleyile ze-ingot.
I-lathe edibeneyo isetyenziselwa ukuguqula ukusetyenzwa, kodwa emva kokufaka ezinye iindawo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo, inokwenza idike, i-milling, i-drilling, ifake, igaye kunye nezinye izinto.Uneempawu "zomnye umatshini onemisebenzi emininzi" kwaye ufanelekile kwiimoto zobunjineli, iinqanawa okanye umsebenzi wokulungisa ohambahambayo kwindawo yokulungisa.
2. Umatshini wokudika
Nangona ishishini lokusebenzela lisemva, liqeqeshe laze lavelisa amagcisa amaninzi.Nangona bengezongcali ekwenzeni oomatshini, banokwenza zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zezandla, ezinjengeemela, iisarha, iiNaliti, iidrili, iicones, iigrinder, iishafti, imikhono, iigiya, iibhedi zebhedi, njl.njl., enyanisweni, oomatshini bayadityaniswa. ukusuka kula macandelo.
1. Umyili wokuqala womatshini odikayo - umatshini we-Da Vinci odikayo waziwa ngokuba "nguMama woomatshini".Ukuthetha ngoomatshini abakruqulayo, kufuneka sithethe ngoLeonardo da Vinci kuqala.Lo mfanekiso udumileyo usenokuba nguye owayila abona matshini bakudala bakruqulayo bentsimbi.Umtshini odikayo owenzileyo uxhotyiswe nge-hydraulic okanye i-pedal pedal, isixhobo esinesithukuthezi sijikeleza ngokusondeleyo kwi-workpiece, kwaye i-workpiece igxininiswe kwitafile ephathwayo eqhutywa yi-crane.Ngomnyaka we-1540, omnye umzobi wapeyinta umfanekiso we "Pyrotechnics" kunye nomzobo ofanayo womatshini odikayo, owawusetyenziselwa ukugqiba ukuphosa okungenanto ngelo xesha.
2. Umatshini wokuqala okruqulayo ozalelwe ukusetyenzwa kwee-cannon barrels (Wilkinson, 1775).Ngenkulungwane ye-17, ngenxa yeemfuno zasemkhosini, ukuveliswa kokwenziwa kweenkanunu kwakhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye indlela yokwenza umphanda wenkanunu yaba yingxaki enkulu abantu ababefuna ukuyicombulula ngokukhawuleza.
Umatshini wokuqala wehlabathi okruqulayo wayilwa nguWilkinson ngo-1775. Enyanisweni, umatshini kaWilkinson okruqulayo, xa sichaneka, ngumatshini wokomba okwaziyo ukwenza iinkanunu ngokuchanekileyo, intsimbi ekruqulayo enombhobho edikayo exhonywe kwiibheringi kuzo zombini iziphelo.
Wazalelwa eMelika ngo-1728, uWilkinson wafudukela e-Staffordshire eneminyaka engama-20 ukuze akhe iziko lokuqala lentsimbi likaBilston.Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uWilkinson wabizwa ngokuba yi "Master Blacksmith yaseStaffordshire".Ngowe-1775, xa wayeneminyaka engama-47 ubudala, uWilkinson wasebenza nzima kumzi-mveliso kayise ukuze enze lo matshini mtsha owawunokubhoboza imiphanda yenkanunu ngendlela engaqhelekanga.Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, emva kokufa kukaWilkinson ngowe-1808, wangcwatywa kwibhokisi yentsimbi eyayiyilwe nguye.
3. Umatshini odikayo wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kwi-injini yomphunga kaWatt.I-wave yokuqala ye-Industrial Revolution ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-injini yomphunga.Ukuphuhliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-injini ye-steam ngokwayo, ngaphezu kwamathuba oluntu ayimfuneko, ezinye izinto ezifunekayo zobugcisa azikwazi ukuhoywa, kuba ukuvelisa iinxalenye ze-injini ye-steam akulula njengokusika umthi ngumchweli.Kuyimfuneko ukwenza ezinye iinxalenye zetsimbi ezikhethekileyo zemilo, kwaye iimfuno zokuchaneka kokucubungula ziphezulu, ezingenako ukufezekiswa ngaphandle kwezixhobo zobugcisa ezihambelanayo.Ngokomzekelo, ekwenzeni i-cylinder kunye nepiston ye-injini yomphunga, ukuchaneka kobubanzi obungaphandle obufunekayo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwepiston kunokunqunyulwa ngaphandle ngelixa ulinganisa ubungakanani, kodwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuchaneka kwendawo yangaphakathi. ububanzi be-cylinder, akukho lula ukusebenzisa iindlela zokucubungula ngokubanzi..
USmithton wayengoyena matshini ubalaseleyo wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo.USmithton wayila amaqhekeza angama-43 amanzi kunye nezixhobo zomoya.Xa kufikwa ekwenzeni i-injini yomphunga, eyona nto yayinzima kuSmithon yayikukwenza isilinda.Kunzima kakhulu ukwenza isangqa esikhulu se-cylinder sangaphakathi kwisangqa.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uSmithton wenza isixhobo esikhethekileyo somatshini wokusika izangqa zangaphakathi ze-cylinder kwiCullen Iron Works.Olu hlobo lomatshini okruqulayo, oluxhotyiswe ngevili lamanzi, luxhotyiswe ngesixhobo esisekupheleni kwe-axis yalo ende, kwaye isixhobo sinokujikeleziswa kwi-cylinder ukuze siqhube isangqa saso sangaphakathi.Ekubeni isixhobo sifakwe kwisiphelo sangaphambili se-shaft ende, kuya kubakho iingxaki ezifana nokuphambuka kwe-shaft, ngoko kunzima kakhulu umatshini we-cylinder ojikelezayo ngokwenene.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uSmithton kwafuneka atshintshe isikhundla se-cylinder amaxesha amaninzi ukuze asebenze.
Umatshini okruqulayo owaqanjwa nguWilkinson ngowe-1774 wadlala indima enkulu kule ngxaki.Olu hlobo lomatshini okruqulayo lusebenzisa ivili lamanzi ukujikelezisa isilinda esibonakalayo kwaye siyityhale siye kwisixhobo esisisigxina esisembindini.Ngenxa yentshukumo ehambelanayo phakathi kwesixhobo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, izinto eziphathekayo zixhamla kumngxuma we-cylindrical ngokuchaneka okuphezulu.Ngelo xesha, kwasetyenziswa umatshini okruqulayo ukwenza isilinda onobubanzi obuziintshi ezingama-72 phakathi kobunzima bengqekembe ye-sixpence.Ukulinganiswa ngeteknoloji yanamhlanje, le yimpazamo enkulu, kodwa phantsi kweemeko ngelo xesha, kwakungekho lula ukufikelela kweli nqanaba.
Nangona kunjalo, imveliso kaWilkinson yayingenalungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, kwaye abantu bayikhuphela bayifakele.Ngo-1802, uWatt wabhala malunga nokuveliswa kukaWilkinson, awakhuphela kwiintsimbi zakhe ze-Soho.Kamva, xa uWatt esenza iisilinda neepiston zenjini yomphunga, wasebenzisa lo matshini umangalisayo kaWilkinson.Kwavela ukuba kwipiston kunokwenzeka ukulinganisa ubungakanani ngelixa usika, kodwa akukho lula kwi-cylinder, kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe umatshini odinayo.Ngelo xesha, iWatt yayisebenzisa ivili lamanzi ukujikelezisa isilinda sentsimbi, ukuze isixhobo esisisigxina esiseziko sityhalelwe phambili ukuze sisike ngaphakathi kwicylinder.Ngenxa yoko, impazamo ye-cylinder kunye nobubanzi bee-intshi ezingama-75 yayingaphantsi kobunzima bengqekembe.Ihambele phambili kakhulu.
4. Ukuzalwa komatshini wokuphakamisa itafile (Hutton, 1885) Kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, uphuculo oluninzi lwenziwe kumatshini odikayo kaWilkinson.Ngo-1885, uHutton eUnited Kingdom wenza umatshini wokuphakamisa itafile, oye waba ngumzekelo womatshini wale mihla okruqulayo.
3. Umatshini wokugaya
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, i-Bhritane yaqulunqa umatshini okruqulayo kunye neplani yeemfuno zenguqu kwezoshishino ezifana ne-injini yomphunga, ngelixa amaMerika agxininisa ekuvelisweni komatshini wokusila ukuze avelise inani elikhulu lezixhobo.Umatshini wokugaya ngumatshini onama-milling cutters eemilo ezahlukeneyo, onokusika izixhobo zokusebenza ezinemilo ekhethekileyo, efana ne-helical grooves, iimilo zegiya, njl.
Kwangoko ngo-1664, isazinzulu saseBritani uHook senza umatshini wokusika ngokuthembela kubasiki abajikelezayo abajikelezayo.Oku kunokuthathwa njengomatshini wokuqala wokungqusha, kodwa ngelo xesha uluntu aluzange luphendule ngentshiseko.Ngeminyaka yoo-1840, uPratt wayila into ebizwa ngokuba ngumatshini wokungqusha weLincoln.Ewe, oyena waseka ngokwenene imeko yoomatshini bokungqusha kwimveliso yomatshini yayinguWhitney waseMelika.
1. Umatshini wokuqala oqhelekileyo wokungqusha (Whitney, 1818) Ngo-1818, uWhitney wenza umatshini wokungqusha wokuqala oqhelekileyo ehlabathini, kodwa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi womatshini wokungqusha yayiyiBritish Bodmer (enesixhobo sokutyisa isixhobo).Umqambi we-gantry planer) "efunyenwe" ngo-1839. Ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zoomatshini bokugaya, kwakungekho baninzi abantu abanomdla ngelo xesha.
2. Umatshini wokungqusha wokuqala owenziwa ehlabathini lonke (Brown, 1862) Emva kwethuba elithile, umatshini wokungqusha waphinda wasebenza eUnited States.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uWhitney noPratt kunokuthiwa kuphela babeke isiseko sokwenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa komatshini wokungqusha, kunye nekhredithi yokuqamba ngokwenene umatshini wokungqusha onokuthi usetyenziswe kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kumzi-mveliso kufuneka ibhengezwe kwinjineli yaseMelika. UJoseph Brown.
Ngo-1862, uBrown eUnited States wavelisa umatshini wokuqala wokungqusha ehlabathini, nto leyo eyinto entsha ekudala isenziwa ekuboneleleni ngeediski zesalathiso zendalo yonke kunye nezisiki ezibanzi zokusila.Itheyibhile yomatshini wokusila wendalo yonke inokujikeleza i-engile ethile kwicala elithe tye, kwaye inezixhobo ezifana nentloko yokugaya isiphelo.“Umatshini wokungqusha” wakhe waba yimpumelelo enkulu xa wawuboniswa kwiMiboniso yaseParis ngowe-1867. Kwangaxeshanye, uBrown wayila nesixhobo sokusika esimile esingenakukhubaza emva kokusila, emva koko wenza umatshini wokusila wokusila. umsiki, ukuzisa umatshini wokungqusha kwinqanaba langoku.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-02-2022